Programming languages

Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run. Unlike natural languages, programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise. They are purely written languages and are often difficult to read aloud. They are generally either translated into machine language by a compiler or an assembler before being run, or translated directly at run time by an interpreter. Sometimes programs are executed by a hybrid method of the two techniques. There are thousands of different programming languages — some intended to be general purpose, others useful only for highly specialized applications.
Programming Languages Lists of programming languages Timeline of programming languages, Categorical list of programming languages, Generational list of programming languages, Alphabetical list of programming languages, Non-English-based programming languages Commonly used Assembly languages ARM, MIPS, x86 Commonly used High level languages BASIC, C, C++, C#, COBOL, Fortran, Java, Lisp, Pascal Commonly used Scripting languages Bourne script, JavaScript, Python, Ruby, PHP, Perl
Professions and organizationsAs the use of computers has spread throughout society, there are an increasing number of careers involving computers. Following the theme of hardware, software and firmware, the brains of people who work in the industry are sometimes known irreverently as wetware or "meatware".
Computer-related professions Hardware-related Electrical engineering, Electronics engineering, Computer engineering, Telecommunications engineering, Optical engineering, Nanoscale engineering Software-related Human-computer interaction, Information technology, Software engineering, Scientific computing, Web design, Desktop publishing
The need for computers to work well together and to be able to exchange information has spawned the need for many standards organizations, clubs and societies of both a formal and informal nature.
Organizations Standards groups ANSI, IEC, IEEE, IETF, ISO, W3C Professional Societies ACM, ACM Special Interest Groups, IET, IFIP Free/Open source software groups Free Software Foundation, Mozilla Foundation, Apache Software Foundation